python
micropython esp8266 入坑指南
micropython esp8266 安装配置
基本功能和函数
python 组件库
python国内镜像源
linux下创建python虚拟环境
python 安装mysql库报错解决
uwsgi部署flask项目
PYQT 打包exe(安装引导)
PyQt/PySide 编译exe文件(nuitka)
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## 1. 生成6位数字随机验证码 ```python import random import string def num_code(length=6): """ 生成长度为length的数字随机验证码 :param length: 验证码长度 :return: 验证码 """ return ''.join(random.choice(string.digits) for i in range(0, length)) ``` ## 2.md5加密 ```python import hashlib # md5加密 def md5_encrypt(en_str): """ 使用md5二次加密生成32位的字符串 :param en_str: 需要加密的字符串 :return: 加密后的字符串 """ md5 = hashlib.md5() # 使用MD5加密模式 md5.update(en_str.encode('utf-8')) # 将参数字符串传入 md5.update(md5.hexdigest().encode('utf-8')) # md5二次加密 return md5.hexdigest() ``` ## 3. 生成唯一token import uuid import hashlib def only_token(): """ 使用md5加密uuid生成唯一的32位token :return: 加密后的字符串 """ md5 = hashlib.md5() # 使用MD5加密模式 md5.update(str(uuid.uuid1()).encode('utf-8')) return md5.hexdigest() ## 4、发送手机验证码 ``` #验证码管理表 class AuthCode(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=10,default=None, null=True, blank=True,verbose_name='姓名') phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True, verbose_name='手机号') code = models.CharField(max_length=6,verbose_name='验证码') purpose = models.IntegerField(default=0,verbose_name='用途:0->注册验证 1->找回密码 2->其它') sendNum = models.IntegerField(default=0,verbose_name='发送次数') isCanGet = models.BooleanField(default=0,verbose_name='0->可以获取,1->不可以获取') recentlySendTime = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True,verbose_name='最近一次发送时间') creation_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name='创建时间') class Meta: verbose_name = '手机验证码' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name ``` ### 实现逻辑 ``` import http.client import urllib # 使用互亿无线 host = "106.ihuyi.com" sms_send_uri = "/webservice/sms.php?method=Submit" # 查看用户名 登录用户中心->验证码通知短信>产品总览->API接口信息->APIID account = "你的用户名" # 查看密码 登录用户中心->验证码通知短信>产品总览->API接口信息->APIKEY password = "你的密码" def send_sms(text, mobile): text = f"您的验证码是:{text}。请不要把验证码泄露给其他人。" params = urllib.parse.urlencode( {'account': account, 'password': password, 'content': text, 'mobile': mobile, 'format': 'json'}) headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Accept": "text/plain"} conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(host, port=80, timeout=30) conn.request("POST", sms_send_uri, params, headers) response = conn.getresponse() response_str = response.read() conn.close() return response_str if __name__ == '__main__': mobile = "手机号" text = '123122' print(json.loads(send_sms(text, mobile).decode('utf-8'))) ``` ## 5、生成二维码 ``` import qrcode import io def maker_qrcode(url): """ 生成二维码 :param url: 需要生成二维码的url :return: 返回图片字节流 """ image = qrcode.make(url) # 创建二维码片 buffer = io.BytesIO() # 将图片内容丢入容器 image.save(buffer, 'png') # 返回容器内的字节 return buffer.getvalue() 或者 from .settings import BASE_DIR def create_qrcode(name, url): """ 生成机器扫码支付二维码 :param name: 图片名称 :param url: 支付路由 :return: """ img = qrcode.make(url, border=0) # 创建二维码片 save_path = BASE_DIR + '/' + name + '.png' print(save_path) img.save(save_path) return img ``` ## 6.微信群发 ``` # coding=utf8 import itchat, time itchat.auto_login(True) SINCERE_WISH = u'祝%s新年快乐!' friendList = itchat.get_friends(update=True)[35:] count = 0 for index,friend in enumerate(friendList): print(index,friend['DisplayName'],friend['NickName']) itchat.send(SINCERE_WISH % (friend['DisplayName'] or friend['NickName']), friend['UserName']) time.sleep(2) print('备注名称',friend['DisplayName'],'昵称',friend['NickName'],'用户名',friend['UserName']) print("----end----") """ # 发送文本 itchat.send('Hello, WeChat!') # 发送图片 itchat.send_image('my_picture.png') # 发送视频 itchat.send_video('my_video.mov') # 发送文件 itchat.send_file('my_file.zip') """ ``` ## 7、微信自动回复 ``` # -*- coding=utf-8 -*- import requests import itchat import random #图灵机器人 #http://www.tuling123.com/member/robot/1380138/center/frame.jhtml?page=0&child=0获取apikey KEY = '你的KEY' def get_response(msg): apiUrl = 'http://www.tuling123.com/openapi/api' data = { 'key' : KEY, 'info' : msg, 'userid' : 'wechat-robot', } try: r = requests.post(apiUrl, data=data).json() return r.get('text') except: return @itchat.msg_register(itchat.content.TEXT) def tuling_reply(msg): defaultReply = 'I received: ' + msg['Text'] robots=['','',''] reply = get_response(msg['Text'])+random.choice(robots) return reply or defaultReply itchat.auto_login(enableCmdQR=False) itchat.run() ``` ## 8、提取Django中model中的字段名变成字典、列表 ``` import re t = """ goods_id = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='商品编号') label_code = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name='商品标签') """ # 字典 print({k:None for k in re.findall('([a-z_A-Z]+)\s=\s',t)}) # 列表 # print([k for k in re.findall('([a-z_A-Z]+)\s=\s',t)]) 输出 {'goods_id': None, 'lable_code': None} ``` ## 9、数据库中给表创建数据 ``` import pymysql def createData(dataDict,tableName): """ 给数据表创建数据 :param dataDict: 字典 :param tableName: 表名 :return: """ #连接数据库 conn = pymysql.connect( host='192.168.0.188', #数据库所在地址URL user='root', #用户名 password='123456', #密码 database='名称', #数据库名称 port=3306, #端口号 charset='utf8' ) #拿到查询游标 cursor = conn.cursor() clos,value = zip(*dataDict.items()) sql = "INSERT INTO `%s`(%s) VALUES (%s)" % (tableName, ','.join(clos), ','.join(['%s'] * len(value)) ) print(sql) cursor.execute(sql, value) conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close() print('Done') ``` ## 10.捕捉异常 ``` try: pass except 异常类型 as e: pass finally: pass 异常类型 Exception 全部异常 AttributeError 试图访问一个对象没有的属性,比如foo.x,但是foo没有属性x IOError 输入/输出异常;基本上是无法打开文件 ImportError 无法引入模块或包;基本上是路径问题或名称错误 IndentationError 语法错误(的子类) ;代码没有正确对齐 IndexError 下标索引超出序列边界,比如当x只有三个元素,却试图访问x[5] KeyError 试图访问字典里不存在的键 KeyboardInterrupt Ctrl+C被按下 NameError 使用一个还未被赋予对象的变量 SyntaxError Python代码非法,代码不能编译(个人认为这是语法错误,写错了) TypeError 传入对象类型与要求的不符合 UnboundLocalError 试图访问一个还未被设置的局部变量,基本上是由于另有一个同名的全局变量,导致你以为正在访问它 ValueError 传入一个调用者不期望的值,即使值的类型是正确的 ``` ## 11、获取当前时间 ``` import datetime current_time = str(datetime.datetime.now())[:19] print(current_time) 输出格式如:2018-10-20 10:01:43 local_time = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.localtime(time.time())) print(local_time) ``` ## 12、订单编号 ``` from random import Random import time def random_str(randomlength=8): str = '' chars = 'AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz0123456789' length = len(chars) - 1 random = Random() for i in range(randomlength): str+=chars[random.randint(0, length)] return str def order_num(): """ 生成付款订单号 :return: """ local_time = time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.localtime(time.time())) result = local_time + random_str(5) return result print(order_num()) ``` ## 13、mysql自动填写当前时间 ``` CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190312172747658.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) ``` 为表添加索引 ALTER table tableName ADD INDEX indexName(columnName) ``` ## 14、drf动态过滤查询 ``` # page.py from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination class UserPagination(PageNumberPagination): """用户分页器""" page_size = 10 # 默认的页面数据数量 page_query_param = 'page' # 定制取数据页码key page_size_query_param = 'page_size' # 默认取数据页码key max_page_size = 15 # 数据每页取值的最大上限 # serializers.py from rest_framework import serializers from user.models import UserInfo class UserSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): """用户收货地址""" class Meta: model = UserInfo # 所有字段 #fields = '__all__' fields = ['name', 'code', 'title', 'province', 'city', 'quxian', 'address', 'code__gte', 'code__lte'] # 显示外键 depth = 2 # views.py class MachineViews(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 从前端获取出来的过滤参数,解析成字典传进filter()函数中 # 动态过滤, kwargs = {} # 表中的字段名 columns = ['name', 'code', 'title', 'province', 'city', 'quxian', 'address', 'code__gte', 'code__lte'] for k, v in request.query_params.items(): if k not in columns: return Response('参数不对', status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) if v: kwargs[k] = v users = UserInfo.objects.filter(**kwargs) page = UserPagination() page_goods_list = page.paginate_queryset(users, self.request, self) ser = UserSerializers(page_goods_list, many=True) return page.get_paginated_response(ser.data) ``` ## 15、linux后台运行python程序 ``` nohup /home/project_venv/user/bin/python3 -u /home/user/user_server.py >> /home/user/user.log 2>&1 & ``` ## 16、追加外键 ``` ALTER TABLE tb_commentPhoto ADD CONSTRAINT FK_comment_phone FOREIGN KEY tb_goodsComment(id) REFERENCES tb_commentPhoto(comment_id); ``` ## 17、写/读CSV文件,查看是否存在,若存在就从csv中删除 ``` import csv import random import string def create_invite_code(random_code_pool=None, length=6, num=10, is_append=False): """ 创建随机邀请码,并写入txt文件 :param: random_code_pool 随机邀请码 :param: length 邀请码长度 :param: num 邀请码个数 :param: is_append True追加,False 覆盖 :return: """ if not random_code_pool: code_pool = string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits random_code_pool = [] for i in range(num): s = '' for _ in range(length): s += random.choice(code_pool) if s and s not in random_code_pool: random_code_pool.append(s) # 写入方法。是追加还是覆盖 write_method = 'a+' if is_append else 'w' # 写入文件 with open('./invite_code.csv', write_method, newline='') as f: writer = csv.writer(f) for rowData in random_code_pool: # 按行写入 writer.writerow((rowData,)) def check_invite_code(code): """ 查看邀请码是否存在txt文件中, 若存在就返回True,并在txt文件中删除 若不存在就返回False :param code: :return: """ code_pool = [] with open('./invite_code.csv', 'r', encoding='utf-8',errors='ignore') as f: allFileInfo = csv.reader(f) for row in allFileInfo: code_pool.append(row[0]) if code in code_pool: # 删除查询的code code_pool.pop(code_pool.index(code)) # 重新写入文件 create_invite_code(code_pool,is_append=False) return True return False if __name__ == '__main__': # create_invite_code(length=9,num=100) print(check_invite_code('WJ4PSTJG2')) ``` ## 18、django中从request获取访问路径 ``` print('获取相对路径', request.get_full_path()) print('获取绝对路径', request.build_absolute_uri()) print(request.build_absolute_uri('?')) print(request.build_absolute_uri('/')[:-1].strip("/")) print(request.build_absolute_uri('/').strip("/")) print(request.build_absolute_uri('/')) print('----------') print(request.META['HTTP_HOST']) print(request.META['PATH_INFO']) print(request.META['QUERY_STRING']) iphost = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR', '') # 获取访问来源IP # 输出如: 获取相对路径 /QRcode/?d=1 获取绝对路径 http://127.0.0.1:8000/QRcode/?d=1 http://127.0.0.1:8000/QRcode/ http://127.0.0.1:8000 http://127.0.0.1:8000 http://127.0.0.1:8000/ ---------- 127.0.0.1:8000 /QRcode/ d=1 ``` ## 19、Django收集静态文件 ``` 先在项目根目录下创建一个static文件夹 然后在settings.py中设置 STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static') 最后执行下面的命令: python manage.py collectstatic ``` ## 20、xadmin插件 https://www.cnblogs.com/lanqie/p/8340215.html ## 21、uwsgi自动重启 ``` [uwsgi] # 使用nginx连接时 使用 socket=0.0.0.0:2019 # 直接作为web服务器使用 #http=0.0.0.1:8000 # 配置工程目录 chdir=/home/user # 配置项目的wsgi目录。相对于工程目录 wsgi-file=user/wsgi.py virtualenv=/home/project_venv/user #配置进程,线程信息 processes=1 threads=1 enable-threads=True master=True pidfile=uwsgi.pid daemonize=uwsgi.log #启动uwsgi的用户名和用户组 uid=root gid=root #uwsgi自动重启 py-autoreload=1 ``` ## 22、谷歌浏览器快捷键 ``` 浏览器缓存 Ctrl+Shift+Del 清除Google浏览器缓存的快捷键 Ctrl+Shift+R 重新加载当前网页而不使用缓存内容 ``` ## 23、git克隆分支 ``` git clone -b dev 地址 ``` ## 24、mysql更新语句、新增列、删除列 ``` update user set name='张三' where id=111 # 删除 DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause] # 增加字段 alter table 表名 add column 列名 类型; # 删除字段 alter table 表名 dropcolumn 列名 ; ``` ## 25、删除指定格式的文件 ``` import os import re def remove_specified_format_file(file_dir, format_name): """ 删除指定格式的文件 :param file_dir: 文件根目录 :param format_name: 格式 :return: """ for root, dirs, files in os.walk(file_dir): # print(root) #当前目录路径 # print(dirs) #当前路径下所有子目录 # print(files) #当前路径下所有非目录子文件 for file in files: if re.match(format_name, file): print(os.path.join(root, file)) os.remove(os.path.join(root, file)) remove_specified_format_file(r'D:\学习\LDC\java', r'\._*') ``` ## 26、计算文件总数 ``` import os def file_count(file_dir): """ :param file_dir: 文件根目录 :return: """ count = 0 for root, dirs, files in os.walk(file_dir): # print(root) #当前目录路径 # print(dirs) #当前路径下所有子目录 # print(files) #当前路径下所有非目录子文件 count += len(files) return count print(file_count(r'D:\学习\LDC\java\Java学习\newEstore\estore\js')) ``` ## 27、计算文件夹大小 ``` import os def file_size(file_dir): """ 删除指定格式的文件 :param file_dir: 文件根目录 :return: """ size = 0 for root, dirs, files in os.walk(file_dir): # print(root) #当前目录路径 # print(dirs) #当前路径下所有子目录 # print(files) #当前路径下所有非目录子文件 for file in files: size += os.path.getsize(os.path.join(root, file)) # M为单位 return size / 1024 / 1024 file_name = r'D:\学习' print(file_size(file_name)) ``` ## 28、Django实现jsonp跨域 ``` # html $.ajax({ url: '请求路由', type: 'GET', dataType: 'JSONP', data:{ code: 'yes', }, jsonp: 'callback', success: function(res) { var selectData = $.parseJSON(res); alert(selectData); }, error: function(err) { } }) # views.py def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): code = request.GET.get('code', '') # 跨域请求 callback = request.GET.get('callback', '') return HttpResponse("%s('%s')" % (callback, json.dumps({'code': code})), status=status.HTTP_200_OK) cors解决跨域 https://www.cnblogs.com/wxiaoyu/p/9578848.html ``` ## 29、微信获取用户信息 参考:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39735923/article/details/79202563 ## 30、uwsgi初始配置问题 https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39735923/article/details/79202563 ## 31、django中drf序列化 ``` # 序列化器 class MsgSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): addtime = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") hasread = serializers.CharField(source='get_hasread_display') msgtype = serializers.CharField(source='get_msgtype_display') class Meta: model = MallMsg # 可以混合使用 fields = '__all__' # '__all__' 所有字段 # 数据库层级控制(序列化链表操作) # depth = 1 # 外键层级 #分页器 from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination class MyLimitOffsetPagination(PageNumberPagination): page_size = 3 # 默认的页面数据数量 page_query_param = 'page' # 定制取数据页码key ? page_size_query_param = 'page_size' # 默认取数据页码key & max_page_size = 15 # 数据每页取值的最大上限 ``` ## 32、第三方库 ``` 安装openssl pip3 install pyOpenSSL ``` ## 33、requests请求https携带CA证书 ``` import OpenSSL import requests import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3() def p12_to_pem(certname, pwd): """ 从.p12文件中提取pem :param certname: :param pwd: :return: """ pem_name = certname + ".pem" f_pem = open(pem_name, 'wb') p12file = certname + ".p12" p12 = OpenSSL.crypto.load_pkcs12(open(p12file, 'rb').read(), pwd) f_pem.write(OpenSSL.crypto.dump_privatekey(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_privatekey())) f_pem.write(OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_certificate())) ca = p12.get_ca_certificates() if ca is not None: for cert in ca: f_pem.write(OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert)) f_pem.close() return pem_name def post_cert_request(url, data,header, certname, pwd): """ 使用证书发起https请求 :param url: :param data: :param certname: :param pwd: :return: """ if (certname != ""): cert = p12_to_pem(certname, pwd) else: cert = None r = requests.post(url, header=header, data=data, cert=cert) return r ``` ## 34、django创建缓存命令 ``` python manage.py createcachetable 缓存表名 ``` ## 35、Django 更改超级用户密码 ``` 在工程文件目录下敲入: python manage.py shell 再在python交互界面输入: from django.contrib.auth.models import User user = User.objects.get(username = '用户名') user.set_password('密码') user.save() ``` ## 36、restframe使用缓存 https://blog.csdn.net/Odyssues_lee/article/details/80872586 ## 37、数据库 ``` select * from user where ISNULL(code) update user set code='111',info='微信' where ISNULL(code) ``` ## 38、linux常用命令 ``` tail -f 日志名 实时监控日志 tail -f 80_v10.log netstat -na|grep 80 查看端口tcp连接数 netstat -na|grep 80 | wc -l 计算端口tcp连接数 ps -ef|grep python 查看有多少python程序在运行 gunzip 2015.csv.gz # 解压 unzip 19.zip # 解压zip wc -l 2015.csv # 查看行数 apt install lrzsz # 安装 sz 文件名 # 下载文件 查找文件 find / -name 文件名 匹配执行过的以find为开头的命令 history | grep find ``` ## 39、xadmin禁止增加、删除 ``` # models.py # 用户管理 class UserManage(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name='用户名') phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True, verbose_name='手机号') code = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True, verbose_name='编号') user = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, editable=False, null=True, verbose_name='管理员') # adminx.py # 用户列表 class UserAdmin(object): list_display = [ 'code', 'phone', 'name',] search_fields = ['code', 'phone'] list_filter = ['code', 'phone'] list_editable = ['name'] # 数据即时编辑 readonly_fields = ['code', 'phone', 'name'] # 只读字段,不能编辑 model_icon = 'fa fa-square' model = UserInfo def has_delete_permission(self, *args, **kwargs): # 禁止删除 if args: return True return False def has_add_permission(self,*args,**kwargs): # 禁止增加 return False def save_models(self): # 用户级别设置 self.new_obj.user = self.request.user flag = self.org_obj is None and 'create' or 'change' if flag == 'create': # 对密码字段进行加密 self.new_obj.password = encrypt_oracle(self.new_obj.password) elif flag == 'change': if 'password' in self.change_message(): self.new_obj.password = encrypt_oracle(self.new_obj.password) else: pass super().save_models() xadmin.site.register(UserInfo, UserAdmin) ``` ## 40、时间格式字符串相减 ``` import datetime import time start = str(datetime.datetime.now())[:19] time.sleep(60) end = str(datetime.datetime.now())[:19] print(start,end) link_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(start, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') link_end = datetime.datetime.strptime(end, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') link_min = round((link_end - link_start).seconds / 60, 2) print(link_min,'分钟') ``` ## 41、显示循环进度条 参考:https://blog.csdn.net/zejianli/article/details/77915751 ``` from tqdm import tqdm,trange from time import sleep text = "" for char in tqdm(["a", "b", "c", "d"]): text = text + char sleep(1) # 方式二 import time def process_bar(percent, index, total,start_time, start_str='', end_str='', total_length=100): # 进度条 percent_length = int(percent) bar = '\r' + start_str + ('\033[1;31;41m \033[0m' * percent_length + '\033[1;37;47m \033[0m' * ( total_length - percent_length)) + f' {round(index / total * 100, 2)}% ' + f' {index}|{end_str}'+ f' |已进行时间: {round(time.time() - start_time, 2)}秒' print(bar, end='', flush=True) if __name__ == '__main__': data_set = [i for i in range(23)] i = 0 start_time = time.time() total = len(data_set) end_str = '{}'.format(total) for data in data_set: time.sleep(1) i += 1 process_bar(i * 100 / total, i, total, start_time, start_str='', end_str=end_str, total_length=100) # 方式三 import sys import time d = [i for i in range(100)] for i in range(len(d)): time.sleep(1) sys.stdout.write('\r>> Downloading %.2f%%' % (float(i) / float(len(d)) * 100.0)) sys.stdout.flush() ``` ## 42、把列表中的字典转成csv文件 ``` import pandas as pd lists = [{'a':1,'b':2},{'a':2,'b':3}] df = pd.DataFrame(lists) print(df) df.to_csv('result2.csv') ``` ## 43、windows添加右键新建MarkDown文件 在网上下载Typora软件安装后 1、在桌面上新建一个txt文件,输入以下内容: ``` Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.md\ShellNew] "NullFile"="" "FileName"="template.md" ``` 2、另存为,改后缀为.reg,保存类型为.txt,编码为Unicode ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200526232015169.png) 3、双击运行,确定,重启电脑,此时在桌面右键就有了新建md文件 ## 44、redis设置值定时过期 ``` import datetime import redis redis_client = redis.Redis( host='127.0.0.1', port=6379, db=0, password='123456' ) def redis_set(): """ redis设置值定时过期 :return: """ global redis_client redis_client.set('name','ldc') now = datetime.datetime.now() # 设置‘name’50秒过期 expire_time = now + datetime.timedelta(hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=50) redis_client.expireat('name', expire_time) if __name__ == '__main__': redis_set() ``` ## 45、linux根据端口杀进程 ``` import os def killport(port): command = '''kill -9 $(netstat -nlp | grep :''' + str(port) + ''' | awk '{print $7}' | awk -F"/" '{ print $1 }')''' os.system(command) # 开始执行 if __name__ == '__main__': port = 4237 killport(port) ``` ## 46、监控linux网络流量 ``` iftop -n -N -i eth0 nethogs eth0 vim +/字符串 文件 ``` ## 47、win10添加右键打开cmd 通过添加注册表项实现 win + r 输入 regedit 找到注册表位置:HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Background\shell\ 右键“shel”l,新建“项”,命名为“以管理员身份打开cmd”, 右键“以管理员身份打开cmd”,新建“DWORD(32位)值”,命名为"ShowBasedOnVelocityId",值为“639bc8” 右键“以管理员身份打开cmd”,新建“项”,命名为“command” 右键“command”,点击“默认”,点击“修改”,填写数值为 cmd.exe /s /k pushd “%V” ## 48、xadmin后台无法显示下拉框完整内容 解决方案 在根目录中找到/static/xadmin/vendor/selectize/selectize.bootstrap3.css 在331行后加入 position: static; ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190704184201572.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) ## 49、xadmin单点登录 使用中间件实现。 新建一个utils.py文件,存放以下代码: ``` from django.contrib.sessions.models import Session from django.db.models import Q from django.utils import timezone from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin class XadminMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self, request): """xadmin后台单点登录""" PATH_INFO = request.META.get('PATH_INFO', '') if PATH_INFO and 'xadmin' in PATH_INFO: request.session.clear_expired() # 清除过期的key session_key = request.session.session_key for session in Session.objects.filter(~Q(session_key=session_key), expire_date__gte=timezone.now()): data = session.get_decoded() if data.get('_auth_user_id', None) == str(request.user.id): session.delete() ``` 然后在urls.py中设置: ``` urlpatterns = [ ... re_path('^xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls), ... ] ``` 然后在settings.py中注册中间件 ``` MIDDLEWARE = [ ... 'utils.xadminauth.XadminMiddleware', ... ] SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 1209600 # 设置过期时间 SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = Ture # 每次请求都更新 ``` 【参考】 https://blog.csdn.net/Python_anning ## 50、Django restful 多个models数据表序列化合并返回(一次请求返回多个序列化器数据) ``` # 导入第三方包 pip install django-crispy-forms==1.7.2 # 在settings.py中添加应用 INSTALLED_APPS = [ ... 'drf_multiple_model', 'rest_framework', ... ] # 在views.py中使用 from drf_multiple_model.pagination import MultipleModelLimitOffsetPagination from drf_multiple_model.views import ObjectMultipleModelAPIView class LimitPagination(MultipleModelLimitOffsetPagination): # 多个models数据表联合查询,分页,每页限制数据10条 default_limit = 10 class StudentSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): """学生表序列化器""" # merchant = MerchantSerializers() register_time = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") class Meta: model = Student fields = '__all__' class ClassesSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): """班级表序列化器""" # merchant = MerchantSerializers() add_time = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") class Meta: model = Classes fields = '__all__' class SchoolSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): """学校表序列化器""" # merchant = MerchantSerializers() add_time = serializers.DateTimeField(read_only=True, format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") class Meta: model = School fields = '__all__' class StudentInfo(ObjectMultipleModelAPIView): # 获取学生信息,班级信息,学校信息 def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): uid = request.GET.get('uid', '') # 学生id cid = request.GET.get('cid', '') # 班级id sid = request.GET.get('sid', '') # 学校id self.querylist = [ {'queryset': Student.objects.filter(id=uid).order_by('-id'), 'serializer_class': StudentSerializers, 'label': 'student', }, {'queryset': Classes.objects.filter(id=cid).order_by('-id'), 'serializer_class': ClassesSerializers, 'label': 'classes', }, {'queryset': School.objects.filter(id=sid).order_by('-id'), 'serializer_class': SchoolSerializers, 'label': 'school', }, ] return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs) pagination_class = LimitPagination ``` ## 51、 Django序列化器返回外键关联数据 通过 related_name='goods_price’把两个表关联起来,当返回Goods的信息时也会返回相应的GoodsPrice信息 ``` class GoodsPriceSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): """商品价格表序列化器""" class Meta: model = GoodsPrice fields = ['price'] class GoodsSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer): """商品表序列化器""" goods_price = GoodsPriceSerializers(many=True, read_only=True) class Meta: model = Goods fields = ['title','goods_price'] depth = 2 class Goods(models.Model): """商品表""" title = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='商品名称') class Meta: db_table = 'goods' verbose_name = '商品信息表' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.title class GoodsPrice(models.Model): """商品价格表,通过外键关联商品信息表""" price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, default=0, verbose_name='售价') goods = models.ForeignKey(to='Goods', related_name='goods_price', on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True,verbose_name='商品') def __str__(self): return str(self.price) class Meta: managed = True db_table = 'goodsPrice' verbose_name = '商品售价' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name ``` ## 52、python Django通过User Agent判断请求来源是微信扫一扫或者是支付宝扫一扫 ``` class Footest(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # print(request.META) if 'MicroMessenger' in request.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT']: return Response(data={'msg': '访问来源是微信'}) elif 'AlipayClient' in request.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT']: return Response(data={'msg': '访问来源是支付宝'}) else: return Response(data={'msg': '访问来源是其他'}) ``` User Agent中文名为用户代理,简称 UA,它是一个特殊字符串头,使得服务器能够识别客户使用的操作系统及版本、CPU 类型、浏览器及版本、浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、浏览器插件等。 浏览器的 UA 字串 标准格式为: 浏览器标识 (操作系统标识; 加密等级标识; 浏览器语言) 渲染引擎标识 版本信息 获取user-Agent 之后, 通过识别MicroMessenger或者AlipayClient这样的关键字应该就可以判断是微信还是支付宝 【参考文章】 https://blog.csdn.net/fly910905/article/details/82498813?utm_source=blogxgwz4 ## 53、xadmin后台集成’导入‘插件,导入excel文件 效果图: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190426190357134.png) 1、添加 在虚拟环境根目录\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\plugins中添加excel.py文件 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190426190440451.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) from xadmin.views import BaseAdminPlugin, ListAdminView from django.template import loader import xadmin class ListExcelImportPlugin(BaseAdminPlugin): # 重写init_request import_excel = False def init_request(self, *args, **kwargs): return self.import_excel def block_top_toolbar(self, context, nodes): # 这里 xadmin/excel/model_list.top_toolbar.import.html 是自己写的html文件 nodes.append(loader.render_to_string("xadmin/excel/model_list.top_toolbar.import.html")) xadmin.site.register_plugin(ListExcelImportPlugin, ListAdminView) 在虚拟环境根目录\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\plugins__init__.py中 PLUGINS = ( ... 'excel', ... ) 2、添加html文件 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190426190455263.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 在虚拟环境根目录\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\templates\xadmin\中增加文件夹excel,在文件夹中添加model_list.top_toolbar.import.html文件 {% load i18n %} <div class="btn-group export"> <a class="dropdown-toggle btn btn-default btn-sm" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"> <i class="icon-share"></i> 导入数据 <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dLabel"> <li><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#export-modal-import-excel"><i class="icon-circle-arrow-down"></i> 导入 Excel</a></li> </ul> <div id="export-modal-import-excel" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <form method="post" action="" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <!--{% csrf_token %}--> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">导入 Excel</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <input type="file" onchange="fileChange(this)" name="excel" id="submit_upload"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">{% trans "Close" %}</button> <button class="btn btn-success" type="button" id="submit_upload_b"><i class="icon-share"></i> 导入 </button> </div> </form> </div><!-- /.modal-content --> </div><!-- /.modal-dalog --> </div><!-- /.modal --> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function fileChange(target) { //检测上传文件的类型 var imgName = document.all.submit_upload.value; var ext, idx; if (imgName == '') { document.all.submit_upload_b.disabled = true; alert("请选择需要上传的 xls 文件!"); return; } else { idx = imgName.lastIndexOf("."); if (idx != -1) { ext = imgName.substr(idx + 1).toUpperCase(); ext = ext.toLowerCase(); if (ext != 'xls' && ext != 'xlsx') { document.all.submit_upload_b.disabled = true; alert("只能上传 .xls 类型的文件!"); return; } } else { document.all.submit_upload_b.disabled = true; alert("只能上传 .xls 类型的文件!"); return; } } } $(document).ready(function () { $('#submit_upload_b').click(function () { var form_data = new FormData(); var file_info = $('#submit_upload')[0].files[0]; form_data.append('file', file_info); form_data.append('file_source', $('.breadcrumb li').eq(1).text().trim()); var url = window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.host + '/importkdorderno/' $.ajax({ url: url, type: 'POST', data: form_data, dataType: "json", beforeSend: function (xhr) { xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRFToken", $.getCookie("csrftoken")) }, processData: false, // tell jquery not to process the data contentType: false, // tell jquery not to set contentType success: function (res) { alert(res.msg); window.location.reload(); }, error: function (err) { } }); }); }) </script> 3、在views.py处理上传的excel文件 import pandas as pd from rest_framework.views import APIView class ImportKDOrderNo(APIView): def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): file = request.FILES.get('file') # read = InMemoryUploadedFile().open() data = pd.read_excel(file) # 使用pandas处理excel文件 file_source = request.POST.get('file_source', '') # 文件来源 if '订单号' and '物流单号' not in data: return Response(data={'msg': '文件格式有误,第一行第一列应该为【订单号】,第一行第二列应该为【物流单号】'}) ordernos = data['订单号'] logistics = data['物流单号'] for i in range(len(ordernos)): print('订单号', ordernos[i], '物流单号', logistics[i]) return Response(data={'msg': '上传成功'}) 4、在urls.py中添加访问路由 ``` from django.urls import path from 你的应用名称 import views app_name = '你的应用名称' urlpatterns = [ # 其他路由 ... # 导入物流单号 path('importkdorderno/', views.ImportKDOrderNo.as_view(), name='importkdorderno'), ] ``` ## 54、Django中查找今天进账金额 views.py from datetime import datetime class CountFee(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 获取当前时间的年月日,然后使用聚合函数添加fee字段的值 year = datetime.now().year month = datetime.now().month day = datetime.now().day count_fees = FeeDetail.objects.filter(addtime__year=year, addtime__month=month, addtime__day=day).aggregate(Sum('fee')) all_fee = count_fees['fee__sum'] if count_fees['fee__sum'] else 0 print(all_fee) return Response({'code': 1, 'msg': 'success', 'data': {'all_fee': all_fee}}) ## 55、判断是什么系统 ``` import platform PlATFORM = platform.system() if PlATFORM == "Linux": print('linux') else: print('其他') ``` ## 56、sql查询 ``` # 联合更新 update malluser set master_master_id=3 where master_id in (select a.id from (select id from malluser where id like '15%')a) # 统计某字段重复数据 SELECT phone, COUNT(*) AS sumCount FROM malluser GROUP BY phone HAVING sumCount > 1; ``` ## 57、 xadmin后台删除数据出现错误 ``` `get_deleted_objects() takes 3 positional arguments but 5 were given` ``` 这是由于Django2.1版本和xadmin不兼容导致的 知道虚拟环境\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\plugins\actions.py 修改93行, 把 deletable_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected = get_deleted_objects( queryset, self.opts, self.user, self.admin_site, using) 改为 deletable_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected = get_deleted_objects( queryset, self.user, self.admin_site) 然后在adminx.py文件中对应的模型类中允许删除 class MaterialAdmin(object): """素材库分类""" list_display = ['id', 'name', 'class_id', 'is_delete', 'addtime'] def has_delete_permission(self, *args, **kwargs): return True ## 58、xdamin限制用户点击 ``` //如果登录z=xadmin后台的账号不是【root】的就不能点击更新操作 var master_name = $('#top-nav').find('strong').text(); master_name = master_name.substring(4); if(master_name != 'root'){ $(".grid-item a").each(function(index, element) { $(this).attr('href','#'); }); } ``` ## 59、获取公众号关注url 在微信网页版,打开公众号,点击右上角“…”,在弹框中选择右下角中间的“查看历史记录”,然后在弹框中选择左上角倒数第一个,“用默认浏览器打开”,就可以在打开的浏览器中获取该公众号的关注url,当把这个url发给好友时,好友点开的就是去关注公众号的页面。 ## 60、xadmin后台用户操作表权限 虚拟环境根目录\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\views\base.py 可以找到: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190627140512311.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 在项目子应用下的adminx.py中使用 ``` import xadmin from machine.models import Machine class MachineAdmin(object): list_display = ['code',] # 显示的字段 search_fields = ['code'] # 搜索的字段 list_filter = ['code', 'is_delete'] # 过滤的字段 ordering = ('-id',) # 按id降序排序 list_editable = ['is_delete', ] # 数据即时编辑 list_per_page = 30 # 每页显示数据数量 model_icon = 'fa fa-cog fa-spin' # 左侧显示的小图标 def has_delete_permission(self, *args, **kwargs): # 删除权限 if self.request.user.is_superuser: # 管理员才能增加 return True return False def has_add_permission(self, *args, **kwargs): if self.request.user.is_superuser: # 管理员才能增加 return True return False def has_change_permission(self, *args, **kwargs): if self.request.user.is_superuser: # 管理员才能修改 return True return False def queryset(self): qs = super(MachineAdmin, self).queryset() if self.request.user.is_superuser: # 管理员可以查看所有 return qs else: # 登录用户只能看到自己修改的数据 return qs.filter(master_id=self.request.user.last_name) xadmin.site.register(MallMachine, MallMachineAdmin) ``` ## 61、使用nginx部署项目 先在/etc/nginx/sites-available中创建一个配置文件,文件名为test(注意没有后缀): ``` #设定虚拟主机配置 server { #侦听80端口 listen 80; listen 443 ssl; #定义使用 www.nginx.cn访问 #ssl on; server_name xxx.xxx.com; #定义服务器的默认网站根目录位置 root /root/项目名称; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/cert/xxx.pem; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/cert/xxx.key; ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; #设定本虚拟主机的访问日志 #access_log logs/nginx.access.log main; #默认请求 location / { #倒入了uwsgi的配置 include uwsgi_params; client_max_body_size 50m; #连接uwsgi的超时时间 # uwsgi_connect_timeout 30; #设定了uwsig服务器位置 uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8002; } location /static{ alias /root/项目名称/static; } location /media { alias /root/项目名称/media; } } ``` 其中xxx.xxx.com表示域名.如果没有https,就使用#把ssl注释掉就可以了。 然后把test映射到/etc/nginx/sites-enabled 命令 ``` ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/test /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/test ``` 即可 注意: uwsgi中配置listen=1024时,启动uwsgi时可能会报错: ``` django + uwsgi + nginx 日志Listen queue size is greater than the system max net.core.somaxconn (128). ``` 解决方法: ``` 修改系统参数 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog 原来2048 改为8192 /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn 原来128 改为262144 ``` 重启nginx ``` nginx -s reload ``` ## 62、xadmin后台发送邮件找回密码 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190710230444358.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 输入你用户绑定的邮箱 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190710230454725.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 想要发送邮件,需要在settings.py中设置邮件发送器 settings.py最下面增加 ``` # ------------------------邮箱配置----------------------------------------- EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend' #把要发送的邮件显示再控制台上,方便调试 EMAIL_USE_SSL = True EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.qq.com' # 如果是 163 改成 smtp.163.com EMAIL_PORT = 465 EMAIL_HOST_USER = '邮箱账号' # 帐号 EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = '授权码' # 到邮箱里开通 DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = EMAIL_HOST_USER ``` 由于django2与xadmin有些地方不兼容,需要修改源码: 找到虚拟环境根目录\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\plugins\passwords.py 在passwords.py文件中大概79行,修改为 ``` return password_reset_confirm(request=request, uidb36=uidb36, token=token, template_name=self.password_reset_confirm_template, token_generator=self.password_reset_token_generator, set_password_form=self.password_reset_set_form, post_reset_redirect=self.get_admin_url('xadmin_password_reset_complete'), current_app=self.admin_site.name, extra_context=context).dispatch(request=request, uidb64=uidb36,token=token) ``` 找到虚拟环境根目录Lib\site-packages\django\contrib\auth\views.py 在views.py文件中大概258行,增加: ``` # 成功后跳转路由,根据自己实际来定 self.success_url = self.request.build_absolute_uri('/') + 'xadmin/' ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020052620533440.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) ## 63、xadmin外键下拉框添加过滤 ``` class MallGoodsAdmin(object): """商品管理""" list_display = ['id', 'show_photo', 'nickname', 'merchant', 'goods_class', 'label',] search_fields = ['nickname'] list_filter = ['goods_class', 'label',] model_icon = 'fa fa-bars' list_editable = ['goods_class', ] #,重写虚拟环境根目录下\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\views\edit.py中的formfield_for_dbfield def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs): # 对MallGoodsClass这个表项的下拉框选择进行过滤 # MallGoods中有一个goods_class商品分类外键MallGoodsClass,过滤掉外键MallGoodsClass中 # master_class为空的值 if db_field.name == "goods_class": kwargs["queryset"] = MallGoodsClass.objects.filter(master_class__isnull=False) # 对assigned_recipient这个表项的下拉选择进行过滤 return db_field.formfield(**dict(**kwargs)) return super().formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, **kwargs) xadmin.site.register(models.MallGoods, MallGoodsAdmin) ``` ## 64、xadmin即时编辑器去掉空标签 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190716151440115.png) 虚拟环境根目录下\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\plugins\editable.py,在大概 129行增加: ``` form.fields[fields[0]].empty_label = None ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190716151459680.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) ## 65、用户增加的小组件,让其他用户可见 找到虚拟环境根目录\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\views\dashboard.py 在548行、554行 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190723175537371.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 改为: ``` @filter_hook def get_widgets(self): if self.widget_customiz: portal_pos = UserSettings.objects.filter( key=self.get_portal_key()) if len(portal_pos): portal_pos = portal_pos[0].value widgets = [] if portal_pos: user_widgets = dict([(uw.id, uw) for uw in UserWidget.objects.filter(page_id=self.get_page_id())]) for col in portal_pos.split('|'): ws = [] for wid in col.split(','): try: widget = user_widgets.get(int(wid)) if widget: ws.append(self.get_widget(widget)) except Exception as e: import logging logging.error(e, exc_info=True) widgets.append(ws) return widgets return self.get_init_widget() ``` ## 66、pip install uwsgi出错 ``` plugins/python/uwsgi_python.h:2:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory ``` 首先安装python3环境 ``` apt install python3-dev ``` 然后再虚拟环境中 ``` pip install uwsgi ``` ## 66、xadmin后台加载数据慢,解决方案 list_filter: 过滤器要慎用,不要使用类似id这些数据量大的字段 ``` class MallUserAdmin(object): """用户管理""" list_display = ['id', 'tp_icon', 'nickname', 'phone', 'level', 'balance', 'province', 'city', 'quxian'] # 显示字段 search_fields = ['id', 'nickname', 'phone'] # 搜索 list_filter = ['level', 'province', 'city', 'quxian'] # 过滤器 # list_filter = ['id', 'level', 'province', 'city', 'quxian'] # 如果加id,xadmin加载回来的数据就会很慢,所以不要在过滤器上使用id list_per_page = 30 # 默认每页数量 model_icon = 'fa fa-users' # 左侧图标 ordering = ['-id'] # 排序 readonly_fields = ['subscribe', 'wx_openid', 'phone'] # 只读字段 is_addbalance = True # 加载自定义的插件 relfield_style = 'fk-ajax' # 其他表如果外键到用户表就做ajax搜索查询,不一次性加载数据 ``` ## 67 、xadmin导出插件处理,增加导出勾选数据项 常规的导出只有两个选择【导出表头】、【导出全部数据】 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190917141511283.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 现在想要做的是增加一个选择,即【导出表头】、【导出全部数据】、【导出勾选数据】,如下图: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190917141839822.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 需要修改xadmin源代码,具体如下 #### 1、加载js文件 找到虚拟环境\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\views\list.py,在607行增加’xadmin.plugin.importexport.js’,如下图所示 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190917141853832.png) #### 2、修改export.py,后端处理下载文件 找到虚拟环境\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\plugins\export.py 在84行把rows = context[‘results’]修改成如下函数 ``` # 新增导出所选数据 # rows = context['results'] rows = [] select_across = self.request.GET.get('_select_across', False) == '1' selected = self.request.GET.get('_selected_actions', '') if self.request.GET.get('selected', 'off') == 'on': if not select_across: selected_pk = selected.split(',') for i in context['results']: if str(i['object'].id) in selected_pk: rows.append(i) else: rows = context['results'] else: rows = context['results'] ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2019091714200418.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 3、 修改model_list.top_toolbar.exports.html 找到虚拟环境\Lib\site-packages\xadmin\templates\xadmin\blocks\model_list.top_toolbar.exports.html 使用以下代码覆盖原文件 ``` {% load i18n %} <div class="btn-group export"> <a id="export-menu" class="dropdown-toggle btn btn-default btn-sm" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-share"></i> {% trans "Export" %} <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dLabel"> {% for et in export_types %} <li><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#export-modal-{{et.type}}"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-down"> </i> {% trans "Export" %} {{et.name}}</a></li> {% endfor %} </ul> {% for et in export_types %} <div id="export-modal-{{et.type}}" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <form method="get" action=""> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">{% trans "Export" %} {{et.name}}</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> {{ form_params|safe }} <input type="hidden" name="export_type" value="{{et.type}}"> <!-- 增加 导出所选数据 一栏 --> <input type="hidden" name="_selected_actions" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="_select_across" value=""/> <label class="checkbox"> {% if et.type == "xlsx" %} <input type="checkbox" name="export_xlsx_header" checked="checked" value="on"> {% trans "Export with table header." %} {% endif %} {% if et.type == "xls" %} <input type="checkbox" name="export_xls_header" checked="checked" value="on"> {% trans "Export with table header." %} {% endif %} {% if et.type == "csv" %} <input type="checkbox" name="export_csv_header" checked="checked" value="on"> {% trans "Export with table header." %} {% endif %} {% if et.type == "xml" %} <input type="checkbox" name="export_xml_format" checked="checked" value="on"> {% trans "Export with format." %} {% endif %} {% if et.type == "json" %} <input type="checkbox" name="export_json_format" checked="checked" value="on"> {% trans "Export with format." %} {% endif %} </label> <label class="checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="all" value="on"> {% trans "Export all data." %} </label> <!-- 增加 导出所选数据 一栏 --> <label class="checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="selected" value="on"> 导出勾选数据 </label> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">{% trans "Close" %}</button> <button class="btn btn-success myexport glyphicon glyphicon-export " type="submit"><i class="fa fa-share"></i> {% trans "Export" %} </button> </div> </form> </div><!-- /.modal-content --> </div><!-- /.modal-dalog --> </div><!-- /.modal --> {% endfor %} </div> <script type="text/javascript"> // 如果是订单导出,把待出货订单设置成待收货订单 $(document).ready(function () { $('.myexport').click(function () { // 当把订单导出时,需要修改订单状态为待收货状态 var url = window.location.protocol + '//' + window.location.host + "/exportorder/"; $("input[name='_select_across']").val($("input[name='select_across']").val()); if ($("input[name='selected']").is(':checked')) { var arr = []; $.each($('.action-select'), function () { if (true == $(this).prop('checked')) { arr.push($(this).val()); } }); if(arr.length == 0){ alert('请先勾选导出数据') return false } }else{ var arr = [] var order_type = $('.breadcrumb li').eq(1).text().trim() $('.grid-item').each(function (index, el) { arr.push($(el).find('td').eq(1).text().trim()) }) } if (($('.breadcrumb > li').eq(1).text()).indexOf('订单') != -1) { // 5秒后执行 setTimeout(function () { $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: url, data: {'orderlist': JSON.stringify(arr), 'order_type': order_type,}, beforeSend: function (xhr) { xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRFToken", $.getCookie("csrftoken")) }, success: function (data) { window.location.reload(); }, error: function (xhr) { alert("出现未知错误"); window.location.reload(); } }); }, 5000); } }); }) </script> ``` ## 68、使用F查询更新用户重要数据 ``` from django.db.models import F # 使用F查询更新用户余额 balance = 5 MallUser.objects.filter(id=1).update(balance=F('balance') + balance) ``` 相当于sql的 ``` update Malluser set balance=balance + 5 where id=1; ``` ## 69、日志输出模块 ``` import logging import platform # 全局函数 PlATFORM = platform.system() if (PlATFORM == "Linux"): # linux系统,文件保存在var下 SERVER_LOG_PATH = '/var/mylog.log' else: # windows系统,文件保存在D盘下 SERVER_LOG_PATH = 'D:\mylog.log' # 定义一个logging的对象,命名为mylog LOGGER = logging.getLogger('mylog') # 设置级别为WARNING LOGGER.setLevel(logging.WARNING) # 创建一个handler,用于写入日志文件 fh = logging.FileHandler(SERVER_LOG_PATH, encoding='utf-8') fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING) # 定义handler的输出格式 formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s', datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') fh.setFormatter(formatter) # 给Logger添加handler LOGGER.addHandler(fh) # 不在控制台显示 LOGGER.propagate = False ``` ## 70、字典排序 字典在内存中发布是无序的,当想对键值或者键名进行排序时可以先把字典转成元组,这可以达到排序的目的。 ``` score = {'小明': {'avg_score': 90, 'English': 90, 'Math': 90, 'Chniese': 90, }, '小红': {'avg_score': 60, 'English': 60, 'Math': 61, 'Chniese': 59, }, '小黑': {'avg_score': 70, 'English': 75, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 70, }, '小白': {'avg_score': 80, 'English': 95, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 80, }, } # 对姓名进行排序,即对键名进行排序 b = sorted(score.items(), key=lambda x: x[0], reverse=True) show_str = '' for info in b: # print(info) key, value = info[0], info[1] show_str += '姓名:{},平均分:{},成绩:{}'.format(key,value['avg_score'], value) + '\r\n' print('对姓名进行排序') print(show_str) # 对平均分进行排序 b = sorted(score.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]['avg_score'], reverse=True) show_str = '' for info in b: # print(info) key, value = info[0], info[1] show_str += '姓名:{},平均分:{},成绩:{}'.format(key,value['avg_score'], value) + '\r\n' print('对平均分进行排序') print(show_str) # 对英语成绩进行排序 b = sorted(score.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]['English'], reverse=True) show_str = '' for info in b: # print(info) key, value = info[0], info[1] show_str += '姓名:{},平均分:{},成绩:{}'.format(key,value['avg_score'], value) + '\r\n' print('对英语成绩进行排序') print(show_str) ``` 输出: ``` 对姓名进行排序 姓名:小黑,平均分:70,成绩:{'avg_score': 70, 'English': 75, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 70} 姓名:小红,平均分:60,成绩:{'avg_score': 60, 'English': 60, 'Math': 61, 'Chniese': 59} 姓名:小白,平均分:80,成绩:{'avg_score': 80, 'English': 95, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 80} 姓名:小明,平均分:90,成绩:{'avg_score': 90, 'English': 90, 'Math': 90, 'Chniese': 90} 对平均分进行排序 姓名:小明,平均分:90,成绩:{'avg_score': 90, 'English': 90, 'Math': 90, 'Chniese': 90} 姓名:小白,平均分:80,成绩:{'avg_score': 80, 'English': 95, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 80} 姓名:小黑,平均分:70,成绩:{'avg_score': 70, 'English': 75, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 70} 姓名:小红,平均分:60,成绩:{'avg_score': 60, 'English': 60, 'Math': 61, 'Chniese': 59} 对英语成绩进行排序 姓名:小白,平均分:80,成绩:{'avg_score': 80, 'English': 95, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 80} 姓名:小明,平均分:90,成绩:{'avg_score': 90, 'English': 90, 'Math': 90, 'Chniese': 90} 姓名:小黑,平均分:70,成绩:{'avg_score': 70, 'English': 75, 'Math': 65, 'Chniese': 70} 姓名:小红,平均分:60,成绩:{'avg_score': 60, 'English': 60, 'Math': 61, 'Chniese': 59} ``` ### 对列表中字典按多个键值排序 ``` from operator import itemgetter data = [ {'code': 1, 'position': 300, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 2, 'position': 255, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 3, 'position': 256, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 1, 'position': 500, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 5, 'position': 455, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 1, 'position': 322, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 6, 'position': 676, 'time': '1620442242'}, ] data = sorted(data, key=itemgetter('code', 'position')) print(data) ``` 输出: ``` [ {'code': 1, 'position': 300, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 1, 'position': 322, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 1, 'position': 500, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 2, 'position': 255, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 3, 'position': 256, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 5, 'position': 455, 'time': '1620442242'}, {'code': 6, 'position': 676, 'time': '1620442242'}] ``` ## 71、时间格式与字符串互转、比较大小 ``` import datetime # 当前时间转字符串 now = datetime.datetime.strftime(datetime.datetime.now(), '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') # 字符串转时间格式 now = datetime.datetime.strptime(now, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') a = now + datetime.timedelta(minutes=-15) # 时间比较大小 if a < now: print('yes') ``` ## 72、python把’\u’开头的字符串转中文 ``` str_data = '\\u7528\\u6237 ID \\u6216\\u5bc6\\u7801\\u9519\\u8bef' # 字符串.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape') str_data_to_zh = str_data.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape') print(str_data_to_zh) # 输出 用户 ID 或密码错误 ``` ## 73、django进行数据迁移时出现No changes detected解决方案 原因:可能是由于app下面没有migrations文件夹 所以需要创建这个文件夹,命令 ``` python manage.py makemigrations --empty 你的app名称 ``` ## 74、ubuntu下载文件到windows桌面 ``` apt install lrzsz sz 123.txt ``` ## 75、git查看提交日志 ``` git log --author="ldc" ``` ## 76、python翻译模块 可以把英文翻译成中文,也可以把中文翻译成英文 ``` pip install translate from translate import Translator name = 'giant panda, panda, panda bear, coon bear, Ailuropoda melanoleuca' translator = Translator(to_lang="chinese") translation = translator.translate(name) print(translation) translator= Translator(from_lang="chinese",to_lang="english") translation = translator.translate("我想你") print(translation) 输出: 大熊猫,熊猫,熊猫熊,浣熊,大熊猫 I missed you. ``` ## 77、python实现字符串转字典 ``` import ast import json target_str = '{"h": 1, "e": 2, "l": 3, "l": 4, "o": 5}' target_str2 = "{'h': 1, 'e': 2, 'l': 3, 'l': 4, 'o': 5}" # 方式1:使用json,缺点,字符串中不能出现单引号 # 由于 json 语法规定 数组或对象之中的字符串必须使用双引号,不能使用单引号 # 官网https://www.json.org/json-en.html上有一段描述是 # A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes print(json.loads(target_str)) # print(json.loads(target_str2)) # 使用json转这个字符串会报错 Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes # 方式2:使用eval函数,缺点,不安全 print(eval(target_str)) print(eval(target_str2)) # print(eval("__import__('os').system('dir')")) # 会列出当前的目录文件,如果字符串是一些删除命令,则可以把整个目录清空! # 方式3,使用ast.literal_eval,没有json与eval的缺点,推荐使用这个 print(ast.literal_eval(target_str)) print(ast.literal_eval(target_str2)) ``` 输出: ``` {'h': 1, 'e': 2, 'l': 4, 'o': 5} {'h': 1, 'e': 2, 'l': 4, 'o': 5} {'h': 1, 'e': 2, 'l': 4, 'o': 5} {'h': 1, 'e': 2, 'l': 4, 'o': 5} {'h': 1, 'e': 2, 'l': 4, 'o': 5} ``` ## 78、django app 如何在后台显示中文名 1.在app (这里以user为例)下面的__init__.py文件中 添加: ``` default_app_config = 'user.apps.UserConfig' ``` 2.在apps.py中 ``` from django.apps import AppConfig class UserConfig(AppConfig): name = 'user' verbose_name = '用户' ``` ## 79、使用python给Excel指定行添加数据 ``` import openpyxl, sys wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('b.xlsx') sheet = wb['Sheet1'] # 在excel表格第二行添加新数据 addrow = 1 # 增加一行 row = 2 # 在第二行新增一行 name = 'b-back.xlsx' # 新的表名 wb1 = openpyxl.Workbook() sheet1 = wb1['Sheet'] # 复制前row行 for i in range(1, row): for j in range(1, sheet.max_column + 1): sheet1.cell(row=i, column=j).value = sheet.cell(row=i, column=j).value # 复制后row行 for i in range(row, sheet.max_row + 1): for j in range(1, sheet.max_column + 1): if i == row: # 给第row行添加新的数据 sheet1.cell(row=row, column=j).value = '新增' sheet1.cell(row=i + addrow, column=j).value = sheet.cell(row=i, column=j).value wb1.save(name) ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200526120005871.png) ## 80、python中的format格式拼接字符串 ``` d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 5} print('{a},{b}'.format(**d)) print('{0},{1},{0}'.format('a', 'b')) print(f"{d['a']}") ``` 输出: ``` 1,2 a,b,a 1 ``` ## 81、数据库inner join、full join、left join、union、union all区别 表a_test ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102527295.png#pic_center) 表b_test ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102549669.png#pic_center) INNER JOIN 是A和B的交集 ``` SELECT * FROM a_test INNER JOIN b_test ON a_test.name = b_test.namesa Inner join 产生的结果集中,是A和B的交集。 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102631494.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center) FULL OUTER JOIN 产生A和B的并集 ``` SELECT * FROM a_test FULL OUTER JOIN b_test ON a_test.name = b_test.name Full outer join 产生A和B的并集。 但是需要注意的是,对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。 可以使用IF NULL判断。 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102702865.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center) ``` SELECT * FROM a_test FULL OUTER JOIN b_test ON a_test.name = b_test.name WHERE a_test.id IS null OR b_test.id IS null 产生A表和B表没有交集的数据集。 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102724731.png#pic_center) LEFT [OUTER] JOIN 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代 ``` SELECT * FROM a_test LEFT OUTER JOIN b_test ON a_test.name = b_test.name 有些数据库可以不要OUTER SELECT * FROM a_test LEFT JOIN b_test ON a_test.name = b_test.name Left outer join 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102808618.png#pic_center) ``` SELECT * FROM a_test LEFT OUTER JOIN b_test ON a_test.name = b_test.name WHERE b_test.id IS null 产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102828846.png#pic_center) RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN RIGHT OUTER JOIN 是后面的表为基础,与LEFT OUTER JOIN用法类似。 UNION 与 UNION ALL ``` UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集。 请注意,UNION 内部的 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。 列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。 同时,每条 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同。 UNION 只选取记录,而UNION ALL会列出所有记录。 SELECT name FROM a_test UNION SELECT name FROM b_test 选取不同值 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102855430.png#pic_center) ``` SELECT a_test.id,a_test.name FROM a_test UNION SELECT b_test.id,b_test.name FROM b_test 由于 id 51 xh 与 id 4 xh 并不相同,不合并 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102917488.png#pic_center) ``` SELECT name FROM a_test UNION ALL SELECT name FROM b_test 全部列出来 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200529102937801.png#pic_center) 还需要注意的是我们还有一个是“交差集” cross join, 这种Join没有办法用文式图表示,因为其就是把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。 表达式如下:SELECT * FROM a_test CROSS JOIN b_test 这个笛卡尔乘积会产生 4 x 4 = 16 条记录,一般来说,我们很少用到这个语法。但是我们得小心,如果不是使用嵌套的select语句,一般系统都会产生笛卡尔乘积然再做过滤。这是对于性能来说是非常危险的,尤其是表很大的时候。 ## 82、windows电脑查看端口使用情况 找出8000端口对应的PID进程,命令为: ``` netstat -ano|findstr 8000 ``` 进程信息如下: ``` TCP 0.0.0.0:8000 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1620 UDP 0.0.0.0:8000 *:* 1620 ``` 找出进程对应的详细信息: ``` tasklist |findstr 1620 KGService.exe 1620 Console 1 18,696 K ``` 关进程: ``` taskkill /pid 1620 /F ``` 查看程序占用内存 比如查看python占用运行内存 ``` tasklist /fi "imagename eq python.exe" ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/a61afd069e964e6f9d755c5c1884ca6f.png) ## 83、Django生成表和反向生成Model ``` 正向生成: python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate 反向: 会根据设置的数据库中的表在自动生成对应的Model代码,并打印出来 python manage.py inspectdb 以直接将打印的代码直接导入到指定的Model文件中 python manage.py inspectdb > models.py ``` ## 84、windows的hosts文件位置 ``` C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts ``` ## 85、postgresql数据库 ``` # 如果表存在就先删除 drop table if exists student; # 创建学生表 # id serial not null 表示id自增 # id integer not null 表示id不自增 create table student ( id serial not null constraint student_pk primary key, name varchar, class_id integer, height numeric, weight numeric, write_date timestamp ); comment on table student is '学生表'; comment on column student.name is '名称'; comment on column student.class_id is '班级ID'; comment on column student.height is '身高'; comment on column student.weight is '体重'; comment on column student.write_date is '修改时间'; alter table student owner to odoo; # 更新 update user set name='张三' where id=111 # 更新表a的字段为表b的值 update account_invoice set sale_order_id=so.id from sale_order so where account_invoice.origin=so.name # 新增 insert into "user" (name,sex) values ('小明',1),('小红', 0) # 新增或更新 如果id冲突就更新 INSERT INTO student(id, name) VALUES(12, '小明'),(13, '小红') ON conflict(id) DO UPDATE SET name ='未知'; 如果id冲突就什么也不做 INSERT INTO student(id, name) VALUES(12, '小明'),(13, '小红') ON conflict(id) DO NOTHING; # 把一个表中的数据插入到另一个表中 insert into 目标表名 (column1,column2,columnn) select value1,value2,valuen from 源表名 比如: insert into student (name, classs_name,create_date) select student_name as name, class_name, now() from class_table; # 获取当前时间 now() select now() # 删除 DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause] # 增加字段 alter table 表名 add column 列名 类型; # 删除字段 alter table 表名 dropcolumn 列名 ; # postgresql数据库查看表所有字段 select * from information_schema.columns where table_schema='public' and table_name='表名'; # postgresql获取所有表名 select tablename from pg_tables where schemaname='public' # 对查询结果按id降序显示 select * from table_name order by id desc # 对查询结果按id升序显示 select * from table_name order by id asc # 转义字符, 查找name中包含单引号的记录 select * from student where name like E'%\'%'; # 查看表记录总数 select relname as TABLE_NAME, reltuples as rowCounts from pg_class where relkind = 'r' and relnamespace = (select oid from pg_namespace where nspname='public') order by rowCounts desc; # 将结果转换为数组 SELECT array(SELECT "name" FROM sale_order); # 将数组合并为字符串 select array_to_string(array[1,2,3], ',') # 联合子集更新,把sale_order_line的name连接换行符,然后按id更新到表a_test中对应的name update a_test set name=array_to_string(array(select name from sale_order_line where order_id=a_test.id),'<br/>'); # PostgreSQL合并查询同一列的多条记录,针对一对多,多对多字段 比如表: id name 1 小明 1 小红 id name 1 小亮 --> 1 小明,小亮,小红 2 小强 2 小强,小王 2 小王 SELECT id, array_to_string(ARRAY(SELECT unnest(array_agg(name order by name desc))),',') AS all_name FROM student GROUP BY id; # case语句 case var when condition1 then statement1 when condition2 then statement2 else statementn end as new_name 比如: select case name when '小明' then 'xm' when '小红' then 'xh' when '小刚' then 'xg' else 'xw' end as short_name from student # 临时表、字符串合并、类型转换、时间格式转换、当前时间 WITH TEMP AS ( SELECT CAST ( concat ( bam.account_period_code, '-01' ) AS TIMESTAMP ) AS account_period_time FROM bi_account_move AS bam ) SELECT account_period_time, to_char(CURRENT_DATE,'yyyy-MM-dd hh24:MI:ss') as current_date, to_char( account_period_time, 'yyyy' ) as year, to_char( account_period_time, 'MM' ) as month, to_char( account_period_time, 'dd' ) as day FROM TEMP 比如: account_period_time current_date year month day 2019-06-01 0:00:00 2020-06-24 00:00:00 2019 06 01 2019-06-01 0:00:00 2020-06-24 00:00:00 2019 06 01 # 多个字符串拼接 select concat('payment_', CAST(ap.id as varchar)) as line_key from ap # 将查询所得结果集的某一字段拼接成字符串,默认的是逗号 select GROUP_CONCAT(id) from test where id>5; 结果为: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 # 使用其他分隔符拼接 select GROUP_CONCAT(id separator '-') from test where id>5; 结果为: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 # 多个临时表 WITH temp_student AS ( SELECT ID, NAME, sex FROM student WHERE sex = TRUE ), temp_class AS ( SELECT ID, NAME, student_id, teacher_id FROM the_class ), temp_teacher AS ( SELECT ID, NAME, age FROM teacher ) SELECT ts.NAME AS student_name, tc.NAME AS class_name, te.NAME AS teacher_name from temp_student as ts LEFT JOIN temp_class AS tc ON tc.student_id = ts.ID LEFT JOIN teacher AS te ON te.id = tc.teacher_id # null转成有意义的值 select COALESCE(name, '') as name from a_test 意思就是如果name为null,就转为空字符串 # 字符串截取 select SUBSTRING('abcd',1,2); -- result:ab 表示从下标从1开始,截取2个字符 # 使用 interval 时间相加减(+/-) 当前时间 + 10秒, select to_char(now() + interval '10 second', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as reqDate from account_period; 当前时间 - 10秒 select to_char(now() + interval '-10 second', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as reqDate from account_period; 当前时间 + 10分, select to_char(now() + interval '10 minute', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as reqDate from account_period; 当前时间 + 10时, select to_char(now() + interval '10 hour', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as reqDate from account_period; 当前时间 + 10天, select to_char(now() + interval '10 day', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as reqDate from account_period; 当前时间 + 10年, select to_char(now() + interval '10 year', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as reqDate from account_period; # UNION types numeric and text cannot be matched NULL::NUMERIC 这个问题,是因为几个sql组合在一起时,同一个字段的值,遇到null时,需要进行类型转换。 # 对行记录定义行编号,使用函数ROW_NUMBER() # 按分数进行降序,然后给行记录标记行编号,可以作为排名来使用 select ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY score desc) AS sequence_number, name,score from b_test # 数字转字符串 select cast(123 as VARCHAR); # 字符串转数字 select cast('123' as INTEGER); ``` ## 86、python控制台输出带颜色的文字方法 ``` #格式: 设置颜色开始 :\033[显示方式;前景色;背景色m #说明: 前景色 背景色 颜色 --------------------------------------- 30 40 黑色 31 41 红色 32 42 绿色 33 43 黃色 34 44 蓝色 35 45 紫红色 36 46 青蓝色 37 47 白色 显示方式 意义 ------------------------- 0 终端默认设置 1 高亮显示 4 使用下划线 5 闪烁 7 反白显示 8 不可见 #例子: \033[1;31;40m <!--1-高亮显示 31-前景色红色 40-背景色黑色--> \033[0m <!--采用终端默认设置,即取消颜色设置--> ``` ``` 例子 print('紫红字体 \033[1;35m hello world \033[0m!') print('褐色背景绿色字体 \033[1;32;43m hello world \033[0m!') print('\033[1;33;44mhello world\033[0m') ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200615143709116.png) ## 87、控制台输出白色方框 ``` print('█') ``` ## 88、xadmin后台编辑多对多字段 在models.py定义了多对多字段,想要在编辑时可以灵活使用这个字段的话,可以按以下方法设置: modes.py ``` class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(verbose_name="书名", max_length=32) second_title = models.CharField(verbose_name="副标题", max_length=32, blank=True, null=True) author = models.CharField(verbose_name="作者", max_length=32) translator = models.CharField(verbose_name="译者", max_length=32, blank=True, null=True) intro = models.TextField(verbose_name="描述") pic = models.FileField(verbose_name="封面图片", max_length=64, upload_to='book_cover', null=True, blank=True) tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tags, verbose_name='书籍标签', blank=True) prizes = models.ManyToManyField(Prizes, verbose_name='获奖详情', blank=True) sump = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="收藏人数", default=0) rate_num = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="评分人数", default=0) num = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="浏览量", default=0) published_time = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='出版时间') create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='创建时间') class Meta: db_table = 'book' verbose_name = "图书" verbose_name_plural = "图书" def __str__(self): return self.title ``` adminx.py ``` # 书籍管理 class BookAdmin(object): search_fields = ['title', 'author', 'intro'] # 检索字段 list_display = ['id', 'show_pic', 'title', 'second_title', 'author', 'translator', 'published_time', 'intro', 'tags', 'prizes', 'num', 'sump', 'rate_num'] # 要显示的字段 list_filter = ['published_time', 'tags', 'prizes'] # 分组过滤的字段 ordering = ('id',) # 设置默认排序字段,负号表示降序排序 list_per_page = 30 # 默认每页显示多少条记录,默认是100条 model_icon = 'fa fa-book' # 左侧小图标 list_editable = ['title', 'author', 'intro', 'published_time'] # 可编辑字段 style_fields = {'tags': 'm2m_transfer', 'prizes': 'm2m_transfer'} # 控制字段的显示样式 filter_horizontal = ('tags', 'prizes') # 水平选择编辑多对多字段 ``` 重点是设置style_fields 和filter_horizontal ,效果: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200621214122315.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) ## 89、Django后台通过按钮显示TextField字段内容 由于TextField字段类型内容可能很长,在后台显示时很占屏幕位置,可以通过按钮来控制显示,代码如下: models.py中定义了一个TextField字段类型: ``` class Prizes(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="奖项") intro = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='简介') class Meta: db_table = 'prizes' verbose_name = "奖项" verbose_name_plural = "奖项" def __str__(self): return self.name ``` 这里使用xadmin作为后台管理框架,在adminx.py中代码如下: ``` import xadmin from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe from xadmin import views from .models import * # 奖项管理 class PrizesAdmin(object): search_fields = ['name'] # 检索字段 list_display = ['id', 'name', 'show_intro'] list_filter = ['name'] ordering = ('id',) def show_intro(self, obj): # 显示简介 if not obj.intro: return mark_safe('') if len(obj.intro) < 20: return mark_safe(obj.intro) short_id = f'{obj._meta.db_table}_short_text_{obj.id}' short_text_len = len(obj.intro) // 4 short_text = obj.intro[:short_text_len] + '......' detail_id = f'{obj._meta.db_table}_detail_text_{obj.id}' detail_text = obj.intro text = """<style type="text/css"> #%s,%s {padding:10px;border:1px solid green;} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> function openShutManager(oSourceObj,oTargetObj,shutAble,oOpenTip,oShutTip,oShortObj){ var sourceObj = typeof oSourceObj == "string" ? document.getElementById(oSourceObj) : oSourceObj; var targetObj = typeof oTargetObj == "string" ? document.getElementById(oTargetObj) : oTargetObj; var shortObj = typeof oShortObj == "string" ? document.getElementById(oShortObj) : oShortObj; var openTip = oOpenTip || ""; var shutTip = oShutTip || ""; if(targetObj.style.display!="none"){ if(shutAble) return; targetObj.style.display="none"; shortObj.style.display="block"; if(openTip && shutTip){ sourceObj.innerHTML = shutTip; } } else { targetObj.style.display="block"; shortObj.style.display="none"; if(openTip && shutTip){ sourceObj.innerHTML = openTip; } } } </script> <p id="%s">%s</p> <p><a href="###" οnclick="openShutManager(this,'%s',false,'点击关闭','点击展开','%s')">点击展开</a></p> <p id="%s" style="display:none"> %s </p> """ % (short_id, detail_id, short_id, short_text, detail_id, short_id, detail_id, detail_text) return mark_safe(text) show_intro.short_description = '描述' ``` **注意**:复制代码后需要做如下修改: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200815204246956.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center) 一开始效果 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200621230038819.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 点击展开效果:![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200621230120177.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) ## 90、前端判断上传的文件是否为图片且限制大小为300kB ``` <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-us"> <body class="login"> <input class="form-control input-lg" id="id_icon" name="icon" type="file" onchange="imgTypeSize('id_icon',300)" <script type="text/javascript"> //判断是否为图片,若为图片,判断其大小是否大于0.3M function imgTypeSize(FileId, maxsize) { /*获取图片内容对象*/ var imgFile = document.getElementById(FileId).files[0]; if (imgFile.name == "") { alert("请上传头像哦"); return false; } else { /*图片类型正则验证*/ var imgStr = /\.(jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|BMP|JPG|PNG|JPEG)$/; if (!imgStr.test(imgFile.name)) { alert("文件不是图片类型"); return false; } else { /*图片大小*/ var imagSize = imgFile.size; if (imagSize < (1024 * maxsize)) { return true; } else { alert(imgFile.name + "大小不能超过" + maxsize + "kB"); document.getElementById(FileId).value = "" return false; } } } } </script> </body> </html> ``` ## 91、form表单提交前验证 ``` <form action="" method="post" id="login-form" onsubmit="return toVaild()"> <input class="form-control" id="id_account" name="account" type="text" placeholder="账号"/> <input class="form-control" id="id_password" name="password" type="password" placeholder="密码"> <form> <script type="text/javascript"> document.getElementById('id_username').focus() function toVaild() { var account = document.getElementById("id_account").value; var password = document.getElementById("id_password").value; if (account == "" || password == "") { alert("请输入账号和密码"); return false; } else { return true; } } </script> ``` ## 92、有序字典 ``` import collections d1 = collections.OrderedDict() # 创建一个有序字典 d1['a'] = 'A' d1['b'] = 'B' d1['c'] = 'C' d1['d'] = 'D' for k, v in d1.items(): print(k, v) ``` ## 93、Python在Windows系统下实现TTS(文字转语音) 导入包: ``` pip install pypiwin32 import win32com.client spk = win32com.client.Dispatch("SAPI.SpVoice") spk.Speak(u"my name is ldc,what is your name") spk.Speak(u"大家好") ``` ## 94、定义一个简单闹钟 ``` # pip install pypiwin32 -i https://pypi.python.org/simple import win32com.client import time import winsound spk = win32com.client.Dispatch("SAPI.SpVoice") # 定义闹钟时间 clocktime = [[19, 19], [11, 10], [12, 10], [18, 47]] runinghour = 1 # 定义运行时间 times = runinghour * 3600 # 次数 print(times) for i in range(1, times): time_now = [time.localtime(time.time()).tm_hour, time.localtime(time.time()).tm_min] if time_now in clocktime: print(time_now) winsound.Beep(1000, 1000) spk.Speak(u"快去看下饭好了没有?") time.sleep(60) # 每分钟对比一次时间 ``` ## 95、根据年月获取当月天数 ``` def get_month_days(year, month): """ 根据年份,月份信息显示此月份天数 :param year: 年份: :param month: 月份(1~12): :return: 当月天数 """ if month >12 or month <= 0: return -1 if month == 2: return 29 if year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0 else 28 if month in (4, 6, 9, 11): return 30 else: return 31 a = '2020-04'.split('-') year = int(a[0]) month = int(a[1]) print(get_month_days(year,month)) 输出: 30 ``` ## 96、Django获取favicon.ico图标 制作一个ico文件,使用PS或者某些在线生成ico的网站 将此文件命名为“favicon.ico”后放在static/下 ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200805104730363.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) 在urls.py中定义路由: ``` from django.urls import path from django.views.generic import RedirectView urlpatterns = [ # 访问favicon.ico 网站图标 path("favicon.ico",RedirectView.as_view(url='static/favicon.ico')), ] ``` ## 97、django 静态文件配置 settings.py ``` STATIC_URL = '/static/' # 添加静态资源路由地址 STATICFILES_DIRS = [ os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'), ] # 使用python manage.py collectstatic收集静态文件时时使用STATIC_ROOT # STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static') ``` urls.py from django.urls import path, re_path from django.views.generic import RedirectView from django.views.static import serve from '你的项目名称' import settings urlpatterns = [ path("favicon.ico",RedirectView.as_view(url='static/favicon.ico')), re_path('static/(?P<path>.*)$', serve, {'document_root': settings.STATICFILES_DIRS[0]}), ] ## 98、django JsonResponse返回中文时显示unicode编码(\u67e5\u8be2) 原因 这个unicode编码,是python3默认返回的编码。 解决方案 JsonResponse里面有个参数json_dumps_params,设置为json_dumps_params={‘ensure_ascii’:False}即可。 ``` data = {'msg': '创建成功',} return JsonResponse(data=data, json_dumps_params={'ensure_ascii': False}) ``` ## 99、获取当前时间月份的首日与最后一天 ``` import calendar def get_month_start_and_end(date=datetime.datetime.now()): """ 获取当前时间的月份首日与最后一天 :param date: :return: (首日,最后一天) """ year, month = str(date).split('-')[0], str(date).split('-')[1] end = calendar.monthrange(int(year), int(month))[1] return f'{year}-{month}-01', f'{year}-{month}-{end}' ``` ## 100、xadmin后台批量操作 adminx.py ``` import xadmin from django.db.models import Sum from xadmin.plugins.actions import BaseActionView class MyCountFeeAction(BaseActionView): """ 用户余额统计 """ action_name = "countuserfee" #: 相当于这个 Action 的唯一标示, 尽量用比较针对性的名字 description = u'统计用户总余额' #: 描述, 出现在 Action 菜单中, 可以使用 ``%(verbose_name_plural)s`` 代替 Model 的名字. model_perm = 'view' # 权限 def do_action(self, queryset): all_balance = MallUser.objects.all().aggregate(Sum('balance')) return HttpResponse(f'用户总余额{all_balance}') class UserAdmin(object): """用户信息管理""" list_display = ['username', 'balance', 'status', 'addtime'] search_fields = ['username', ] list_filter = ['status', 'addtime'] list_per_page = 30 # 默认每页数量 model_icon = 'fa fa-user' list_editable = ['status'] ordering = ['-addtime'] actions = [ MyCountFeeAction] # 添加批量选择操作 ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200812233442373.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center) ## 101、xadmin过滤器外键显示特定值(比如只能过滤自己与超级管理员定义的数据) 首先,修改xadmin源码,修改xadmin/filters.py,在401行,做如下修改, 把self.lookup_choices = field.get_choices(include_blank=False) 改为: # 调用自定义的方法 if hasattr(model_admin, '{field}_choices'.format(field=field.name)): self.lookup_choices = getattr(model_admin, '{field}_choices'.format(field=field.name))(field, request,params, model,model_admin,field_path) else: self.lookup_choices = field.get_choices(include_blank=False) 如图: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200812234011656.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center) 然后,在adminx.py中定义过滤的方法: ``` import xadmin from django.db.models import Q, Sum from xadmin.plugins.actions import BaseActionView class MeasurePointAdmin(object): # search_fields = ['user__name', 'user__account'] # 检索字段 list_display = ['num', 'elevation', 'correct_num', 'cumulative_amount'] list_filter = ['user', 'is_default', 'create_time'] # 分组过滤的字段 list_editable = ['num', 'elevation', 'correct_num', 'cumulative_amount'] ordering = ('id',) # 设置默认排序字段,负号表示降序排序 list_per_page = 30 # 默认每页显示多少条记录,默认是100条 model_icon = 'fa fa-users' # 左侧小图标 readonly_fields = ['user', 'is_default'] import_excel = True actions = [MyCountFeeAction] # 定义的函数名必须是 字段名_choices def user_choices(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path): # 超级用户不做控制 if self.request.user.is_superuser: return field.get_choices(include_blank=False) # 过滤器只显示自己与超级管理员 user_lst = field.related_model._default_manager.filter(Q(id=self.request.user.id) | Q(is_superuser=True)) # 返回格式 [('pk','标题'),] return [(user.id, user.username) for user in user_lst] ``` 效果: ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020081223440761.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2xtX2lzX2Rj,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center) ## 102、Django中的CSRF局部禁用 为了避免没有csrf token而产生的403的forbidden错误,可以使用csrf_exempt装饰器来处理POST、GET请求的View, 这种方式是CSRF局部禁用。 ``` from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt @method_decorator(csrf_exempt) def update_data(request): if request.method == 'POST': pass elif request.method == 'GET': pass ``` ## 103、使用python命令创建django项目 创建django项目 方式一:直接打开pycharm创建,选择file->new project->django 方式二:通过命令创建 先创建虚拟环境:python -m venv django_venv 然后导入django库:pip install django -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple 最后使用命令创建:django-admin startproject my_django_project ## 104、 二维列表、二维数组行求和与列求和 ``` import pandas as pd from functools import reduce # 二维数组,对列和行求和 a = [ ['', 0, '', 1, 4.1], ['', 0, '', '', 4], ['123', 0, '', 3, 4, 6,7], ] def aa(x, y): x = 0 if isinstance(x, str) else x y = 0 if isinstance(y, str) else y return x + y # 对行求和 row_sum = [reduce(aa, i) for i in a] # 对列求和,只能处理相同长度的子元素 column_sum_1 = [reduce(aa, i) for i in zip(*a)] # 对列求和,可以处理不同长度的子元素 column_sum_2 = list(dict(pd.DataFrame(a).fillna(0).apply(lambda x: '' if any(isinstance(d, str) for d in x) else round(x.sum(), 2))).values()) print('行求和:{}\r\n列求和(相同长度):{}\r\n列求和:{}'.format(row_sum, column_sum_1, column_sum_2)) ``` 输出: ``` 行求和:[5.1, 4, 20] 列求和(相同长度):[0, 0, 0, 4, 12.1] 列求和:['', 0, '', '', 12.1, 6.0, 7.0] ``` ## 105、获取时间字符串的月份数 ``` from datetime import datetime def get_months(start_month_str, end_month_str): ''' # 获取时间字符串中的月份数 :param start_month_str: 开始字符串 :param end_month_str: 结束字符串 :return: 月份数 ''' end_month_date = datetime.strptime(end_month_str, '%Y-%m') start_month_date = datetime.strptime(start_month_str, '%Y-%m') end_year, end_month = end_month_date.year, end_month_date.month start_year, start_month = start_month_date.year, start_month_date.month return (end_year - start_year) *12 + (end_month - start_month) + 1 end_month_str = '2021-02' start_month_str = '2020-07' print(get_months(start_month_str, end_month_str)) 输出: 8 ``` ## 106、字符串不足补零 ``` print('hello world'.zfill(15)) # 补0 print('hello world'.rjust(15)) # 右对齐,补空格 print('hello world'.ljust(15)) # 左对齐,补空格 输出: 0000hello world hello world hello world ``` ## 107、时间戳转字符串日期 ```python import time t1 = time.time() print(t1) print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(t1))) 输出: 1621741567.082192 2021-05-23 11:46:07 ``` 使用函数: ``` # !/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ @contact: 微信 1257309054 @file: 时间戳转日期.py @time: 2022/6/27 17:16 @author: LDC """ import time import datetime # 正确10位长度的时间戳可精确到秒,11-14位长度则是包含了毫秒 def int_to_datetime(intValue): if len(str(intValue)) == 10: # 精确到秒 timeValue = time.localtime(intValue) tempDate = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", timeValue) datetimeValue = datetime.datetime.strptime(tempDate, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") elif 10 < len(str(intValue)) and len(str(intValue)) < 15: # 精确到毫秒 k = len(str(intValue)) - 10 timetamp = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(intValue / (1 * 10 ** k)) datetimeValue = timetamp.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f") else: return -1 return datetimeValue time1 = 1656321420 time2 = 1656321086560 print(int_to_datetime(time1)) print(int_to_datetime(time2)) ''' 输出: 2022-06-27 17:17:00 2022-06-27 17:11:26.560000 ''' ``` ## 108、列表转字符串 ```python a = [1,2,3] print(','.join(map(str,a))) 输出: `1,2,3` ``` ## 109、pip国内镜像源 ``` pip install 库名 -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple 清华:-i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple 阿里云:-i http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/ 中国科技大学 -i https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/ 华中理工大学:-i http://pypi.hustunique.com/ 山东理工大学:-i http://pypi.sdutlinux.org/ 豆瓣:-i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ ``` ## 110、python把时间字符串转换成刚刚、1天前、3个月前、1年前 ``` import datetime import time def date_interval(date_str): ''' 获取时间间隔 1分钟前,2分钟前,10分钟前,1小时前,2小时前,1天前,2天前,3天前,1个月前,3个月前,1年前,3年前 :param date_str: 时间字符串 :return: 字符串 ''' date_str = time.strptime(date_str, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') # 将时间元组转换为时间戳 t = time.mktime(date_str) # 当前时间 seconds = time.time() - t years = int(seconds // (60 * 60 * 24 * 365)) if years: return '{}年前'.format(years) months = int(seconds // (60 * 60 * 24 * 30)) if months: return '{}月前'.format(months) days = int(seconds // (60 * 60 * 24)) if days: return '{}天前'.format(days) hours = int(seconds // (60 * 60)) if hours: return '{}小时前'.format(hours) minutes = int(seconds // (60)) if minutes: return '{}分钟前'.format(minutes) return '刚刚' if __name__ == '__main__': date1 = '2019-07-10 15:27:51' date2 = '2021-07-10 15:27:51' date3 = '2021-08-10 15:27:51' date4 = '2021-08-12 11:01:51' date5 = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=-3) date5 = date5.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') print(date_interval(date1)) print(date_interval(date2)) print(date_interval(date3)) print(date_interval(date4)) print(date_interval(date5)) ``` ## 111、Django使用ORM执行sql语句 通过raw函数执行 ``` alarm_datas = gsm.AlertMessage.objects.raw(''' select am_all.id, am_all.sensor_number FROM alert_message as am_all where am_all.real='1' and am_all.is_show=1 order by am_all.alarm_level desc ''') for ad in alarm_datas: print(ad.sensor_number) ``` ## 112、Django通过变量字段获取数据 通过方法`__getattribute__`来获取 ``` alert_messages = AlertMessage.objects.filter(real=0) am_fields = ['id', 'real', 'name'] for am in alert_messages: for i in range(len(am_fields)): print(am_fields[i], am.__getattribute__(am_fields[i])) ``` ## 113、Django查询变量字段、更新变量字段 通过`**{变量名:值}`来操作 ``` field = 'device_code' # 查询 device_infos = gsm.DeviceInfo.objects.filter(**{field: '012'}) # 更新 gsm.DeviceInfo.objects.filter(device_code='012').update(**{field : '0'}) ``` ## 114、vue生成dist文件 安装npm,到[官网下载](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) 在vue项目下打开cmd,输入命令 ``` npm run build ``` 如果报错,npm ERR! missing script: build, 则使用以下命令 ``` npm run build:prod ``` 具体看package.json ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/eff15dcd4c1d499f9641d0ac25c09bc0.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s,shadow_50,text_Q1NETiBA5Lic5pyo5pyI,size_20,color_FFFFFF,t_70,g_se,x_16) ## 115、python获取电脑磁盘、CPU、内存使用情况 ``` import psutil # pip install psutil # 获取本机磁盘使用率和剩余空间G信息 def get_disk_info(): # 循环磁盘分区 content = "" for disk in psutil.disk_partitions(): # 读写方式 光盘 or 有效磁盘类型 if 'cdrom' in disk.opts or disk.fstype == '': continue disk_name_arr = disk.device.split(':') disk_name = disk_name_arr[0] disk_info = psutil.disk_usage(disk.device) # 磁盘剩余空间,单位G free_disk_size = disk_info.free//1024//1024//1024 # 当前磁盘使用率和剩余空间G信息 info = "{}盘使用率:{}%%, 剩余空间:{}G ".format(disk_name, str(disk_info.percent), free_disk_size) # 拼接多个磁盘的信息 content = content + info print(content) # cpu信息 def get_cpu_info(): cpu_percent = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1) cpu_info = "CPU使用率:%i%%" % cpu_percent print(cpu_info) # 内存信息 def get_memory_info(): virtual_memory = psutil.virtual_memory() used_memory = virtual_memory.used/1024/1024/1024 free_memory = virtual_memory.free/1024/1024/1024 memory_percent = virtual_memory.percent memory_info = "内存使用:%0.2fG,使用率%0.1f%%,剩余内存:%0.2fG" % (used_memory, memory_percent, free_memory) print(memory_info) if __name__ == '__main__': get_disk_info() get_cpu_info() get_memory_info() ``` ## 116、max比较字典列表 ``` ''' 使用max函数比较字典列表对象 需求:找出用户组最大id的字典 ''' def com_id(f): ''' 比较用用户ids列表 :param f: 字典 :return: 返回最大的用户id ''' return max(f['user_ids']) friends_added = [ {'user_ids': [1, 2], 'create_at': '2020-01-01'}, {'user_ids': [3, 6], 'create_at': '2020-01-02'}, {'user_ids': [2, 1], 'create_at': '2020-02-02'}, {'user_ids': [4, 1], 'create_at': '2020-02-02'}, ] # max函数中使用key参数,指定自定义函数来比较 item = max(friends_added, key=com_id) item_1 = max(friends_added, key=lambda f: max(f['user_ids'])) # com_id可以转成lambda函数 print(item) print(item_1) 输出: {'user_ids': [3, 6], 'create_at': '2020-01-02'} {'user_ids': [3, 6], 'create_at': '2020-01-02'} ``` ## 117、django查询表的具体字段 ``` ExampleModel.objects.values('id', 'username') # 返回的结果是QuerySet, 里面的元素是dict格式 # [{'id':1, 'username': 'Austin'}, {'id':2, 'username':'Sam'}, ...] # 相当于SQL中的SELECT id, username FROM ......, # 只返回对应属性(字段)的值 ``` ## 118、MySQL查询数据添加自增序号 ``` set @i = 0; select waveform, '沿桥风吹' as label ,(@i:=@i+1) xh from alert_message where is_real=1 and node_id=138 ``` ## 119、MySQL 时间截取年月日 ``` select id, addtime, date_format(addtime,'%Y-%m-%d') as short_time from alert_message where date_format(addtime,'%Y-%m-%d') = '2022-03-13' ``` ![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/37cec67fa1e1458f9aba1b745600a493.png) ## 120、 列表取奇数下标值 ```python list1=['a','b','c','d','e'] print('奇数下标值',list1[1::2]) 输出: 奇数下标值 ['b', 'd'] ``` ## 121、列表取偶数下标值 ```python list1=['a','b','c','d','e'] print('偶数下标值',list1[::2]) 偶数下标值 ['a', 'c', 'e'] ``` ## 122、列表相同元素分类、分组 ```python import itertools data = [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 'a', 'a'] a =[list(group) for key, group in itertools.groupby(data)] print(a) 输出: [[1], [2, 2, 2, 2], [3, 3, 3], [4, 4, 4, 4], [1], ['a', 'a']] ``` ## 123、ubuntu切换用户 1)从user用户切换到root用户 sudo su 2)从root用户切回user用户 su user (user是你自己安装时候的用户名),或是直接输入exit,也可Ctrl+D组合键推出 ## 124、numpy二维数组获取某一列 ``` import numpy as np a = [ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], [13.2, 14.8, 15.9, 16.10, 16.11, 17.12], ] a_np = np.array(a) # 把二维列表转成numpy数组 print('第一行', a_np[0].tolist()) # 获取第一行 print('第一列', a_np[:, 0].tolist()) # 获取第一列 输出: 第一行 [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0] 第一列 [1.0, 7.0, 13.2] ```
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